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Day gear up aside for residue and worship

This article is about the general 24-hour interval of rest or worship fourth dimension in Abrahamic religions. For the rest day in Judaism, see Shabbat. For Sabbath in the Bible, see Biblical Sabbath. For the Talmudic tractate, run into Shabbat (Talmud).

In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew שַׁבָּת Šabat ) is a day set bated for rest and worship. Co-ordinate to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of balance on the 7th day, commanded by God to be kept every bit a holy day of rest, as God rested from creation.^[ane] The exercise of observing the Sabbath (Shabbat) originates in the biblical commandment "Remember the sabbath solar day, to keep it holy".

The Sabbath is observed in Judaism and Sabbatarian forms of Christianity, such equally many Protestant and Eastern denominations. Observances like to, or descended from, the Sabbath also exist in other religions. The term may be generally used to describe similar weekly observances in other religions.

Biblical Sabbath [edit]

Sabbath (as the verb שָׁבַת֙ shabbat) is first mentioned in the Genesis creation narrative, where the 7th day is set aside as a day of rest (in Hebrew, shabbat) and made holy by God (Genesis ii:ii–iii). Ascertainment and remembrance of Sabbath (Hebrew: שַׁבָּת shabbat) is one of the 10 Commandments (the fourth in the original Jewish, the Eastern Orthodox, and most Protestant traditions, the third in Roman Cosmic and Lutheran traditions).

Most Jews who discover the Sabbath regard it every bit having been instituted every bit a perpetual covenant for the Israelites (Exodus 31:13–17), as a sign respecting ii events: the day during which God rested after having completed Cosmos in six days (Exodus 20:8–eleven) and the Israelites' deliverance from Arab republic of egypt (Deuteronomy five:12–15). However, well-nigh Sabbath-keeping Christians regard the Sabbath every bit having been instituted by God at the finish of Creation week and that the entire world was then, and continues to be, obliged to notice the seventh twenty-four hour period every bit Sabbath.

Originally, Sabbath-breakers were officially to exist cut off from the assembly or potentially killed (Exodus 31:15). Observance in the Hebrew Bible was universally from 6th-twenty-four hours sundown to seventh-day sundown (Nehemiah thirteen:19, cf. Leviticus 23:32),^[ii] on a seven-day week. Consultations with prophets (II Kings four. 23) were sought on the Sabbath.^[3] Sabbath corporate worship was not prescribed for the community at big, and the Sabbath activities at the shrines were originally a convocation of priests for the purpose of offering divine sacrifices, with family unit worship and rest being centered in homes.^{[four] [5]}

Judaism [edit]

Jewish Shabbat (Shabbath, Shabbes, Shobos, etc.) is a weekly mean solar day of rest, observed from sundown on Fri until the appearance of iii stars in the sky on Saturday dark. Information technology is besides observed by a minority of Christians, such as adherents of Messianic Judaism and 7th-twenty-four hours Adventists. Thirty-ix activities prohibited on Shabbat are listed in Tractate Shabbat (Talmud). Customarily, Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles before long earlier dusk, at halakhically calculated times that change weekly and geographically. The Dead Body of water Scrolls Uncovered, a translation by Robert Eisenman and Michael Wise, reveals the Essene calendar equally celebrating the Sabbath commencing on the fourth day of Abib (Nisan) page 192 3 days afterward the new moon of the Passover calendar month then celebrated on the 11th, 18th and 25th. The second Essene month reveals a Sabbath on the second 24-hour interval exactly 7 days from the 25th of Abib Sabbath witnessing a solar calendar continuation for the balance of the year. The Essenes did it this mode to be in harmony with the book of Genesis where God created the moon and dominicus on the 4th day and rested 3 days later.

Judah ha-Levi (12th century) proposed a nascent Jewish appointment line for dating of Shabbat, subsequently calculated to fall betwixt China and Japan (other lines be, and travelers are expected to note both personal and local Shabbat); and Pinchas Elijah Horovitz (18th century) stated that polar regions should discover Shabbat based on calculating 24-hour days, although without establishing a date line.

Shabbat is a widely noted hallmark of Jewish peoples. Subbotniks (literally, Sabbatarians) are a Russian sect, categorized every bit either Jews or Judaizing Christians, that became specially branded past strict Shabbat observance; (Hungarian-born radical Reform leader Ignaz Einhorn even shifted his congregation's Shabbat worship to Sundays.) Several weekly Shabbats per year are designated as Special Sabbaths, such as Shabbat haGadol, prior to Pesach (literally, "the Loftier Sabbath", simply not to exist confused with other High Sabbaths); and Shabbat Teshuvah, prior to Yom Kippur ("Repentance Sabbath").

Shabbaton [edit]

Colloquially, in gimmicky Israel, the term Shabbaton or Shaboson may hateful an event or program of teaching and commonly commemoration held on Shabbat, or over an unabridged weekend with primary focus on Shabbat. Such events are held by youth groups, singles groups, synagogues, schools, social groups, charitable groups or family unit reunions, can be either multi-generational and wide-open up or limited-group, and can exist held where a group usually meets or offsite. "Shabbaton", rather than just "retreat", signifies recognition of the importance of Shabbat in the event or programme.^{[ citation needed ]}. Some other meaning of the term is what in English language is called "Breather", a period of paid leave from work, common more often than not in educational systems.

Christianity [edit]

In Eastern Christianity, the Sabbath is considered still to be on Saturday, the seventh twenty-four hour period, in remembrance of the Hebrew Sabbath. In Catholicism and about branches of Protestantism, the "Sunday" (Greek Κυριακή) is considered to be on Dominicus, the get-go day (and "eighth 24-hour interval"). Communal worship, including the Holy Mysteries, may have place on any day, but a weekly observance of the resurrection is made consistently on Sunday. Western Christianity sometimes refers to the Dominicus equally a "Christian Sabbath", singled-out from the Hebrew Sabbath, merely related in varying manner.

First-day [edit]

Since Puritan times, most English-speaking Protestants identify the "Lord's Day" (viz., Sun) with a "Christian Sabbath", a term Roman Catholics in those areas may also celebrate with the Eucharist. It is considered both the showtime twenty-four hours and the "8th 24-hour interval" of the seven-day week. In Tonga, all commerce and entertainment activities cease on Dominicus, starting at midnight and catastrophe the side by side 24-hour interval, at midnight, as Tonga's constitution declares the Sabbath sacred forever.^[half-dozen] In Oriental Orthodoxy, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has observed both Sunday Resurrection Day and Sabbatum Sabbath in dissimilar ways for several centuries, as have other Eastern Orthodox traditions.

Puritan Sabbatarianism or Reformed Sabbatarianism is strict observance of Sabbath in Christianity that is typically characterized past its avoidance of recreational activities. "Puritan Sabbath", expressed in the Westminster Confession of Organized religion, is often contrasted with "Continental Sabbath": the latter follows the Continental Reformed confessions such every bit the Heidelberg Catechism, which emphasize remainder and worship on Lord'southward Day, but do not forbid recreational activities.

Seventh-day [edit]

Several Christian denominations observe Sabbath in a similar style to Judaism, though with observance catastrophe at Sabbatum dusk instead of Sabbatum nightfall. Early on church historians Sozomen and Socrates cite the seventh mean solar day as the Christian day of worship except for the Christians in Rome and Alexandria. Many Sabbatarian Judeo-Christian groups were attested during the Middle Ages. The Waldensians, a religious group founded during the 12th century, are regarded as 1 of the first Mail-Constantinian Christian groups to observe the 7th-24-hour interval Sabbath. The Szekler Sabbatarians were founded in 1588 from among the Unitarian Church of Transylvania and maintained a presence until the grouping converted to Judaism in the 1870s. Seventh Day Baptists have observed Sabbath on Sat since the mid-17th century (either from sundown or from midnight), and influenced the (now more numerous) Seventh-day Adventists in America to begin the exercise in the mid-19th century. They believe that keeping seventh-twenty-four hours Sabbath is a moral responsibility equal to that of any of the other Ten Commandments, based on the example of Jesus. They also use "Lord's Day" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day "my Sabbath" (Exodus 31:13) and "to the LORD" (Exodus 16:23) and in which Jesus calls himself "Lord of Sabbath" (Matthew 12:8). The question of defining Sabbath worldwide on a round earth was resolved by some seventh-day Sabbatarians by making use of the International Appointment Line (i.due east., permitting local rest-mean solar day adjustment, Esther 9:16–19), while others (such as some Alaskan Sabbatarians) keep Sabbath according to Jerusalem time (i.e., rejecting manmade temporal customs, Daniel seven:25). Many of the Lemba in southern Africa, similar some other African tribes, are Jewish and claim common descent from the Biblical Israelites, based on observing traditional Jewish community. Genetic analysis has also demonstrated that a distinct group of the Lemba, have the oral history and genetic ancestry of early hebrews. The Lemba keep one day a calendar week holy like Sabbath, and maintain many beliefs and practices associated with Judaism.^{[vii] [8]}

Seventh-solar day versus Kickoff-day [edit]

In 321 AD, Roman emperor Constantine the Great enacted the outset ceremonious law regarding Sun observance. The law did non mention the Sabbath by proper name, but referred to a twenty-four hour period of remainder on "the venerable day of the sun."

On the venerable 24-hour interval of the sun let the magistrate and people residing in cities residual, and let all workshops exist closed. In the country even so, persons engaged in agricultural work may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because information technology often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain growing or for vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.^[9]

An Abridgment of the Christian Doctrine:

Q. How bear witness you that the church hath ability to control feasts and holy days?

A. By the very act of irresolute the Sabbath into Sun, which Protestants allow of; and therefore they fondly contradict themselves, by keeping Lord's day strictly, and breaking almost other feasts allowable past the same church.

Q. How prove yous that?

A. Considering by keeping Sunday, they acknowledge the church's power to ordain feasts, and to command them under sin; and past non keeping the rest [of the feasts] by her allowable, they once more deny, in fact, the aforementioned power.^[ten]

The Augsburg Confession:

They [the Catholics] criminate the Sabbath inverse into Lord's day, the Lord's day, opposite to the decalogue, as information technology appears; neither is there any example more than boasted of than the changing of the Sabbath twenty-four hours. Great, they say, is the power and authority of the church, since it dispensed with ane of the 10 commandments.^[xi]

A Doctrinal Catechism,

Q. Have yous any other style of proving that the Church has ability to institute festivals of axiom?

A. Had she not such power, she could not have done that in which all modern religionists agree with her. She could not accept substituted the observance of Sunday the first solar day of the week, for the observance of Sat the seventh day, a alter for which in that location is no Scriptural potency.^[12]

Catholic Christian:

Q. Has the [Cosmic] church power to make any alterations in the commandments of God?

A. ...Instead of the seventh twenty-four hour period, and other festivals appointed past the sometime law, the church has prescribed the Sundays and holy days to exist prepare apart for God's worship; and these we are now obliged to keep in consequence of God's commandment, instead of the aboriginal Sabbath.^[13]

The Catechism of the Council of Trent:

The Church building of God has thought information technology well to transfer the celebration and observance of the Sabbath to Sunday!^[14]

New moon [edit]

The new moon, occurring every 29 or 30 days, is an important separately sanctioned occasion in Judaism and another faiths. Information technology is not widely regarded as Sabbath, but some messianic and Pentecostal churches,^{[ citation needed ]} keep the day of the new moon as Sabbath or rest day, from evening to evening. New-moon services tin can terminal all day.

Some modernistic sects who are Sabbath keepers accept suggested a Sabbath based on the New Moon^{[ citation needed ]} citing Psalm 104:19 and Genesis 1:14 as a key prooftexts. Observers recognize the 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th days of the month of the Hebrew Calendar as Sabbath days which should be observed.^[15] They refuse the 7 24-hour interval calendar week as non-biblical.^{[ citation needed ]} The Lunar Sabbath theory is rejected by near Sabbatarian groups and Judaism every bit imitation and misleading but the recently discovered Dead Sea Scrolls translated by Eisenman and Wise show the Essene Jewish agenda revealing the first sabbath of the calendar month of Nisan being on the quaternary twenty-four hours 3 days afterwards the new moon and kept every 7 days for the rest of the yr.

Twenty-four hour period of the Vow [edit]

Day of the Vow or Dingane's Solar day (Afrikaans Geloftedag or Dingaansdag, December 16) was the proper noun of a religious public holiday in Due south Africa commemorating a famous Boer victory over the Zulu. Celebrated as annual Sabbath (a holy day of thanksgiving) since 1838, information technology was renamed Day of Reconciliation in 1994. The anniversary and its commemoration are intimately connected with various streams of Afrikaner and South African nationalism.

Millennial Sabbath [edit]

Since Hippolytus of Rome in the early on third century, Christians have often considered that some thousand-year Sabbath, expected to begin six thousand years after Cosmos, might exist identical with the millennium described in the Book of Revelation. This view was also popular among 19th- and 20th-century dispensational premillennialists. The term "Sabbatism" or "Sabbatizing" (Greek Sabbatismos), which generically means whatever literal or spiritual Sabbath-keeping, has as well been taken in Hebrews 4:9 to accept special reference to this definition.

Spiritual Sabbath [edit]

As another minority view, some mod Christians uphold Sabbath principles but do not limit observance to either Sabbatum or Sunday, instead advocating remainder on any ane chosen twenty-four hour period of the calendar week as following the spirit of Sabbath, or advocating Sabbath as instead a symbolic metaphor for remainder in Christ. These look upon Sabbath every bit a principle to be observed in spirit rather than in letter, regarding the rest offered in Jesus as the simply New Testament admonishment containing the root give-and-take of "Sabbath" (Matthew eleven:28) and sometimes every bit a more permanent rest than a day could fulfill (Hebrews 4:9).

Latter Day Saint Movement [edit]

In 1831, Joseph Smith published a revelation commanding his related movement, the Latter Day Saint movement, to go to the firm of prayer, offer upwards their sacraments, balance from their labors, and pay their devotions on the Lord's day (D&C 59:9–12).

That thou mayest more fully keep thyself unspotted from the world, m shalt go to the business firm of prayer and offer upwards thy sacraments upon my holy twenty-four hour period; for verily this is a twenty-four hour period appointed unto you to rest from your labors, and to pay thy devotions unto the About Loftier.

—D&C 59:ix–10^[sixteen]

Latter-24-hour interval Saints believe this means performing no labor that would continue them from giving their total attention to spiritual matters (Ex. 20:10). LDS prophets have described this as meaning they should non shop, hunt, fish, nourish sports events, or participate in similar activities on that 24-hour interval.^{[ citation needed ]} Elder Spencer W. Kimball wrote in his The Miracle of Forgiveness that mere idle lounging on the Sabbath does non keep the twenty-four hour period holy, and that it calls for constructive thoughts and acts.^[17]

Members of the Church are encouraged to prepare their meals with "singleness of eye" on the Sabbath^[xviii](D&C 59:13) and believe the day is just for righteous activities (Is. 58:13.) In most areas of the globe, this means worship on Lord's day, though there is accommodation for Israel and many majority-Muslim countries.^{[19] [twenty]}

In harmony with this revelation, members of the LDS church nourish sacrament meeting each week. Other Sabbath-day activities may include: praying, meditating, studying the scriptures and the teachings of latter-day prophets, writing letters to family members and friends, reading wholesome fabric, visiting the sick and distressed, and attending other Church meetings.^{[21] [ better source needed ]}

Islam [edit]

The Quran shares the half-dozen-part Abrahamic creation narrative (32:four, fifty:38) and the Sabbath as the seventh twenty-four hours ( yaum as-Sabt : ii:65, four:47, 154, 7:163, 16:124), but God'southward mounting the throne after creation is taken in contradistinction to Elohim's last and resting from his labors. The Quran states that since Sabbath was merely for Jews, Muslims replace Sabbath remainder with jumu'ah (Standard arabic: جمعة). Also known as "Friday prayer", jumu'ah is a congregational prayer ( salat ) held every Fri (the Day of Assembly), merely after midday, in place of the otherwise daily dhuhr prayer; it commemorates the cosmos of Adam on the sixth twenty-four hour period, as a loving gathering of Adam's sons.

The Quran states: "When the phone call is proclaimed to prayer on Fri, hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah, and exit off business concern: That is best for you if ye but knew" (62:nine). The next verse ("When the prayer is ended, and then disperse in the state ...") leads many Muslims non to consider Friday a rest day, as in Republic of indonesia, which regards the seventh-day Sabbath as unchanged; but many Muslim countries, such as Saudi arabia, the United Arab Emirates and People's republic of bangladesh, do consider Friday a nonwork twenty-four hours, a holiday or a weekend; and other Muslim countries, similar Pakistan, count information technology every bit half a rest day (subsequently the Friday prayer is over). Jumu'ah attendance is strictly incumbent upon all free adult males who are legal residents of the locality. ^{[ clarify ]}

Other religious traditions [edit]

Seven-day calendar week [edit]

By synecdoche (naming the whole for a part), in Jewish sources past the time of the Septuagint, the term "Sabbath" (Greek Sabbaton, Strong's 4521) also came to mean an unabridged "se'nnight" or 7-solar day week, the interval between 2 weekly Sabbaths. Jesus'southward parable of the Pharisee and the Publican (Luke 18:9–14) describes the Pharisee every bit fasting "twice a week" (Greek dis tou sabbatou, literally, "Twice of the Sabbath").

High Sabbaths [edit]

"High Sabbaths" are observed past Jews and some Christians. Seven almanac Biblical festivals, called miqra ("called assembly") in Hebrew and "High Sabbath" in English and serving as supplemental testimonies to Sabbath, are specified in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy; they do not necessarily autumn on weekly Sabbath. Three occur in spring: the first and seventh days of Pesach (Passover), and Shavuot (Pentecost). Iv occur in autumn, in the seventh month, and are as well chosen Shabbaton: Rosh Hashanah (Trumpets); Yom Kippur, "Sabbath of Sabbaths" (Atonement); and the first and eighth days of Sukkoth (Tabernacles). "High Sabbaths" is as well often a synonym of "Loftier Holy Days", viz., Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Shmita [edit]

Shmita (Hebrew: שמטה, Strong's 8059 every bit sh^emittah, literally "release"), also called sabbatical yr, is the seventh (שביעי, Strong's 7637 as sh^ebiy'iy) year of the seven-year agricultural bike mandated by Torah for the Country of Israel, relatively picayune observed in Biblical tradition, but however observed in contemporary Judaism. During Shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agronomical activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by Torah and Jewish law. Past tradition, other cultivation techniques (such as watering, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, trimming and mowing) may be performed as preventive measures just, non to ameliorate the growth of trees or plants; additionally, whatever fruits grow of their own accord during that year are deemed hefker (ownerless), not for the landowner but for the poor, the stranger, and the beasts of the field; these fruits may be picked by anyone. A multifariousness of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of Shmita produce. When the yr ended, all debts, except those of foreigners, were to be remitted (Deuteronomy 15:1–11); in similar fashion, Torah requires a slave who had worked for six years to become gratis in the seventh year. Leviticus 25 promises bountiful harvests to those who observe Shmita, and describes its observance as a test of religious faith. The term Shmita is translated "release" five times in the Book of Deuteronomy (from the root שמט, shamat, "desist, remit", 8058).

Babylonian rest days [edit]

Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the seventh, 14th, 21st, and 28th every bit "holy-days", likewise called "evil days" (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known equally a "rest-solar day". On each of them, offerings were made to a different god and goddess. Tablets from the 6th-century BCE reigns of Cyrus the Great and Cambyses bespeak these dates were sometimes approximate. The lunation of 29 or xxx days basically independent 3 seven-day weeks, and a final week of ix or ten days inclusive, breaking the continuous 7-24-hour interval bicycle. The Babylonians additionally celebrated the 19th as a special "evil day", the "day of anger", because information technology was roughly the 49th day of the (preceding) month, completing a "week of weeks", also with sacrifices and prohibitions.^[22] Difficulties with Friedrich Delitzsch's origin theory connecting Hebrew Shabbat with the Babylonian lunar cycle include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Shabbat in any language. Reconstruction of a broken tablet seems to define the rarely attested Babylonian Akkadian word Sapattu^grand or Sabattu¹⁰⁰⁰ as the full moon: this word is cognate or merged with Hebrew Shabbat, merely is monthly rather than weekly. It is regarded as a form of Sumerian sa-bat ("mid-residue"), attested in Akkadian every bit um nuh libbi ("day of mid-serenity"). This decision is a contextual restoration of the damaged Enûma Eliš cosmos mythos, which is read equally: "[Sa]pattu shalt thou and then encounter, mid[month]ly."

The pentecontad agenda, thought to exist of Amorite origin, includes a period known to Babylonians every bit Shappatum. The year is broken down into seven periods of l days (fabricated upward of seven weeks of seven days, containing seven weekly Sabbaths, and an actress fiftieth 24-hour interval, known as the atzeret), plus an annual supplement of fifteen or 16 days, called Shappatum, the menstruum of harvest fourth dimension at the cease of each year. Identified and reconstructed by Hildegaard and Julius Lewy in the 1940s, the calendar's employ dates back to at least the 3rd millennium BCE in Western Mesopotamia and surrounding areas; it was used by the Canaanite tribes, idea by some to have been used by the Israelites prior to Male monarch Solomon, and related to the liturgical agenda of the Essenes at Qumran. Used well into the mod age, forms of information technology have been plant in Nestorianism and among the Palestinian fellaheen. Julius Morgenstern believed that the calendar of the Jubilees had ancient origins every bit a somewhat modified survival of the pentecontad calendar.

Zoroastrianism [edit]

In relating to the seventh and other days of the month, the Zoroastrian agenda contributed to the Jewish calendar.^[23] For exemplar, the observance of Passover coincides with Nowruz, the Zoroastrian New year which marks the kickoff twenty-four hours of bound or vernal Equinox.^[24]

Buddhist rest day [edit]

The Uposatha has been observed since Gautama Buddha's time (500 BCE), and is still existence kept today in Theravada Buddhist countries. It occurs every seven or eight days, in accordance with the four phases of the moon. Buddha taught that Uposatha is for "the cleansing of the defiled mind", resulting in inner calm and joy. On this day, disciples and monks intensify their do, deepen their noesis, and express communal delivery through millennia-sometime acts of lay-monastic reciprocity.

Thai Chinese likewise find their Sabbaths and traditional Chinese holidays according to lunar phases, but non on exactly the same days every bit Uposatha. These Sabbaths cycle through the month with respect to the Thai solar agenda, so common Thai calendars incorporate Thai and Chinese calendar lunar dates, every bit well as Uposatha dates, for religious purposes.

Cherokee residue days [edit]

The first twenty-four hours of the new moon, offset at sunrise, is a holiday of tranquility reflection and prayer amongst the Cherokee. Monthly fasting is encouraged, for up to four days. Work, cooking, sex and childbirth were also prohibited during the empty moon days, called "un-time" or "non-days"; childbirth during these days was considered unlucky. The Cherokee new year, the "great new moon" or "Hunting Moon", is the first new moon in autumn, after the setting of the Pleiades star cluster and around the fourth dimension of the Leonids meteoric shower.

Sabbath as Saturday [edit]

One folk tradition in English is the widespread use of "Sabbath" as a synonym of midnight-to-midnight "Saturday" (literally, Saturn'southward day in at least a dozen languages): this is a simplification of the use of "Sabbath" in other religious contexts, where the two practise not coincide. (Using midnight instead of sundown as delimiter dates dorsum to the Roman Empire.) In over thirty other languages, the common proper noun for this day in the seven-solar day week is a cognate of "Sabbath". "Sabbatini", originally "Sabbadini", often "Sabatini", etc., is a very frequent Italian name form ("Sabbatos" is the Greek form), indicating a family whose antecedent was born on Saturday, Italian sabato; "Domenico" indicated nascency on Sunday.

In vampire hunter lore, people born on Saturday were specially designated as sabbatianoí in Greek and sâbotnichavi in Bulgarian (rendered in English language as "Sabbatarians"). Information technology was as well believed in the Balkans that someone born on a Saturday could see a vampire when information technology was otherwise invisible.

Wicca [edit]

The annual bicycle of the Earth's seasons is called the Wheel of the Year in Wicca and neopaganism. Eight sabbats (occasionally "sabbaths", or "Dominicus sabbats") are spaced at approximately even intervals throughout the twelvemonth. Samhain, which coincides with Halloween, is considered the offset sabbat of the yr.

An esbat is a ritual observance of the full moon in Wicca and neopaganism. Some groups extend the esbat to include the dark moon and the first and last quarters. "Esbat" and "sabbat" are distinct and are probably not cognate terms, although an esbat is too called "moon sabbat".

European records from the Eye Ages to the 17th century or later likewise identify Witches' Sabbaths on similar dates to sabbats in modernistic Wicca, but with some disagreement; medieval reports of sabbat activity are generally non firsthand and may exist imaginative, just many persons were defendant of, or tried for, taking part in sabbats.

Unification Church [edit]

The Unification Church building has a regular day of worship on Lord's day, simply every 8 days Unificationists celebrate the twenty-four hour period of Ahn Shi Il, considered as Sabbath just cycling amidst the weekdays of the Gregorian calendar. The Family Pledge, formerly recited at v:00 a.m. on Sundays, was moved to Ahn Shi Il in 1994 and includes viii verses containing the phrase "by centering on truthful love".

Baháʼí Faith [edit]

The day of rest in the Baháʼí Religion is Friday.^[25]

Secular traditions [edit]

Secular use of "Sabbath" for "rest day", while it ordinarily refers to the same period of time (Sunday) equally the majority Christian use of "Sabbath", is often stated in Due north America to refer to different purposes for the residual day than those of Christendom. In McGowan v. Maryland (1961), the Supreme Courtroom of the The states held that contemporary Maryland blueish laws (typically, Sunday remainder laws) were intended to promote the secular values of "health, safety, recreation, and general well-being" through a common day of rest, and that this day coinciding with majority Christian Sabbath neither reduces its effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions from observing their own holy days. Massachusetts, uncharacteristically, does not specify the weekday in its "Day of Residue" statute, providing but that one day off from work is required every week; an unspecified weekly day off is a very widespread business product wheel. The Supreme Court of Canada, in R. v. Big Chiliad Drug Mart Ltd. (1985) and R. v. Edwards Books and Fine art Ltd. (1986), found some blue laws invalid for having no legitimate secular purpose, but others valid because they had no religious purpose.

The weekend is that period of the week prepare aside by custom or law for rest from labor. In many countries it is Sat and Sunday and often includes Fri night. This five-day workweek arose in America when labor unions attempted to suit Jewish Sabbath, beginning at a New England cotton fiber mill and also instituted by Henry Ford in 1926; it became standard in America by about 1940 and spread among English-speaking and European countries to become the international workweek.^{[26] [27]} Prc adopted it in 1995 and Hong Kong by 2006. India and some other countries follow both the international workweek and a more traditional Saturday half-workday and Lord's day weekend. While Indonesia and Lebanon have the international workweek, most Muslim countries count Friday as the weekend, alone or with Thursday (all or half) or Sabbatum. Some universities permit a three-24-hour interval weekend from Friday to Sunday. The weekend in Israel, Nepal, and parts of Malaysia, is Fri (all or half) and Saturday. Only the i-solar day customary or legal weekends are commonly called "Sabbath".

State-mandated rest days [edit]

State-mandated residual days are widespread. Laws of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) required majestic officials to residue on every mu (every fifth day), within a x-day Chinese calendar week. The rest day was changed to huan or xún (every tenth 24-hour interval) in the Tang Dynasty (618–907).

The reform calendar of the French Revolution was used from 1793 to 1805. It independent twelve months of three ten-mean solar day weeks; the five or six extra days needed to guess the tropical yr were placed afterward the months at the cease of each year. The 10th day of each week, décadi, replaced Sunday as the mean solar day of residue and festivity in France.

From 1929 to 1931, the Soviet Wedlock mandated a five-twenty-four hours calendar week, with each day designated by colour as a land rest day for a different twenty% of the workforce; families normally did non share balance days. Three weeks a year were vi or vii days, because interrupted past holidays. From 1931 to 1940, the Soviets mandated a half dozen-24-hour interval calendar week, with land rest days for all upon the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th of each Gregorian month, besides every bit upon March 1. This also necessitated varying weeks of five to vii days over the year.

Among many calendar reform proposals that eliminate the constant seven-day week in exchange for simplified calculation of calendrical data like weekday names for given dates, some retain Sabbatical influences. The Hermetic Lunar Week Agenda uses moon phases, resulting in weeks of six to nine days. The International Fixed Calendar and World Calendar both consist of 364-twenty-four hours years containing exactly 52 weeks (each starting on a day designated as Sun), with an additional one or two intercalary "blank" days not designated as role of any calendar week (Year 24-hour interval and Bound Day in the International Fixed Calendar; Worldsday and Leapyear Day in the World Agenda). Reform supporters sought to conform Breather observance by retaining the modified week and designating the intercalary days as additional Sabbaths or holidays; yet, religious leaders held that such days disrupt the traditional vii-solar day weekly bike. This unresolved issue contributed to the abeyance of reform activities in the 1930s (International Fixed Calendar) and over again in 1955 (World Agenda), though supporters of both proposals remain.

Subbotnik [edit]

The subbotnik is a weekly day of volunteer piece of work on Sat in Russian federation, other (former) Soviet republics, the Eastern Bloc, and the High german Democratic Republic, sporadically observed since 1919. The voskresnik is a related volunteer workday on Dominicus. They focus on customs service work; "Lenin's Subbotnik" was also observed annually effectually his birthday.

Breather [edit]

From the biblical sabbatical year came the modern concept of a sabbatical, a prolonged, often i-year, hiatus in the career of an private (not usually tied to a vii-year catamenia). Such a catamenia is oftentimes taken in order to fulfill some goal such equally writing a book or traveling extensively for research. Some universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, or academics offer paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called "sabbatical go out"; some companies offering unpaid sabbatical for people wanting to take career breaks.

References [edit]

1. ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sabbath
2. ^ "cev bible, search keyword 'similar sabbath'".
3. ^ Emil M. Hirsch, Joseph Jacobs, Executive Committee of the Editorial Board., Julius H. Greenstone. (1905). "Sabbath". Jewish Encyclopaedia : a descr. record of the history, faith, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present twenty-four hours. New York : Funk & Wagnall, p. 587. Retrieved 13 May 2016. JewishEncyclopedia.com
4. ^ Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. (2001). Israelology: the missing link in systematic theology. Tustin, Calif.: Ariel Ministries. pp. 595–601. ISBN 0914863053
5. ^ Goldberg, Louis A. (1980). Leviticus: A Written report Guide Commentary. Grand Rapids:Zondervan Publishing Business firm. p. 116. ISBN 9780310418139
6. ^ "Constitution of Tonga". Parliament of Tonga . Retrieved 20 August 2018.
7. ^ "African tribe descended from Jews, Deoxyribonucleic acid tests testify".
8. ^ Thomas, Mark G.; Parfitt, Tudor; Weiss, Deborah A.; Skorecki, Karl; Wilson, James F.; le Roux, Magdel; Bradman, Neil; Goldstein, David B. (2000). "Y Chromosomes Traveling South: The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba—the 'Black Jews of Southern Africa'". American Journal of Human being Genetics. 66 (2): 674–686. doi:x.1086/302749. PMC1288118. PMID 10677325.
9. ^ Schaff'south History of the Christian Church building, vol. 3, chap. 75.
10. ^ Rev. Henry Tuberville, D.D. (R.C.), (1833), An Abridgment of the Christian Doctrine. p. 58.
11. ^ Fine art. 28. Augsburg Confession.
12. ^ Rev. Stephen Keenan, (1851), A Doctrinal Catechism. p. 174.
13. ^ The Catholic Christian Instructed in the Sacraments, Sacrifices, Ceremonies, and Observances of the Church Past Manner of Question and Reply, RT Rev. Dr. Challoner, p. 204.
14. ^ Catechism of the Quango of Trent. p. 402, second revised edition (English language), 1937. (First published in 1566)
15. ^ "The WLC Sabbath Challenge". Bible Prophecy | Online Bible Studies | Videos | WLC . Retrieved 2018-09-04 .
16. ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-mean solar day Saints}}
17. ^ The Miracle of Forgiveness, pp. 96–97
18. ^ churchofjesuschrist.org D&C 59:13
19. ^ - Attending church on Friday
20. ^ churchofjesuschrist.org - Study by Topic - Sabbath
21. ^ True to the Faith, p. 146 https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/linguistic communication-materials/36863_eng.pdf^{[ full citation needed ]}
22. ^ Pinches, T.G. (1919). "Sabbath (Babylonian)". In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ideals. Selbie, John A., contrib. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 889–891.
23. ^ Haas, W.S. (1946). Iran. New York: Columbia University Printing.
24. ^ Haas, Westward.S. (1946). Iran. New York: Columbia University Press.
25. ^ Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983). Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. New Delhi, Republic of india: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 109. ISBN978-81-85091-46-iv . Retrieved 2009-03-15 . Three. Baháʼí: East. Miscellaneous Subjects: 372. Fri is Day of Residual in Baháʼí Calendar.
26. ^ "Where the Five-Day Workweek Came from". The Atlantic. 21 August 2014.
27. ^ "How the Five Day Work Week Became Popular". 5 September 2016.

External links [edit]

christiannoing1976.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath

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